The Misunderstanding of Being Postcolonialism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1883 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Frankenstein Essay Did you like this example? American lawyer Loretta Lynch said Everyone wants to be seen. Everyone wants to be heard. Everyone wants to be recognized as the person that they are and not a stereotype or an image. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Misunderstanding of Being Postcolonialism" essay for you Create order A chance to be heard can be considered a basic need as a human living on this planet. There have been people groups over the years that have not had their needs met in the area of communication, denied their right to be heard. Postcolonial literature is a way to give voice to those dealing with its aftermath. Its critics are concerned with literature produced by colonial powers and works produced by those who were/are colonized (Purdue). Mary Shelleys 1818 novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus is an example of postcolonial literature. Struggles in the novel can be looked at as postcolonial in nature. What is just as important as looking at those examples is the question What is Mary Shelley trying to say? This essay will look at what postcolonialism means, the ways in which we find examples of it in Shelleys novel, and what is at the root of all of it. I think that Shelley, much like the characters in her novel and the people affected by postcolonialism, just wanted to be heard and thats why she wrote her novel. Why did Mary Shelley write Frankenstein? That is certainly the million dollar question. That is, it is the question if you think that she is the one who wrote it. John Lauritsen, a writer and editor at Pagan Press, wrote a book in 2007 titled The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein, which explains why he believes that Marys husband Percy is the one who really wrote the novel.. In a letter to the editor published in The Chronicle Review, Lauritsen states that his research indicates that Mary had little imagination or talent for writing and that the only reason that part of the original manuscript (minus Percys revisions) was in her handwriting because he was dictating it to her. Charles Robinson, an English professor at the University of Delaware published a version of Frankenstein in 2009 that had two versions side by side, one that included Percys notes, and one that didnt. One of the reasons for his findings is the difference in handwriting styles. Lauritsen discredits this, however, and were back at square one. Ive read non-scholarly conclusions during my research that Percy wrote it because Marys poor education level would be indicative of her talent level and thus be the reason she could not have been the author. This brings to mind the ongoing debate regarding the true authorship of Shakespeares works: to conclude that one could not write a work of such magnitude simply because of education level smacks of elitism. Lets assume for the purposes of this paper that Mary Shelley did indeed write this novel, so we can narrow the topic somewhat. So why did Mary write Frankenstein? Perhaps it was an attempt to deal with painful aspects of personal relationships. Anthony F. Badalamenti, in his piece Why did Mary Shelley Write Frankenstein? suggests that Mary was using the text to deal with the hurt arising from her husband Percys painful acts towards her. Calling it substitution or encoding, Badalamenti says its the unconscious way of dealing with events that are too painful to deal with within the conscious mind: Encoding brings some relief of a cathartic nature but rarely resolves underlying issues (Badalamenti 420). Not only did Percy create trust issues in their marriage, but her parents contributed to the issues in her subconscious that she has to deal with as well. Her mother Mary Wollstonecraft died eleven days after giving birth to her, and her father William Godwin still felt the need to have family and remarried a woman who had two children of her own. Both of these contributed to her sense of abandonment, and rejection, so clearly captured in the Monsters reaction to Frankenstein abandoning him. This shocking response of the creator to the birthed creation was also influenced by Marys own experience with childbirth. Her first child was a daughter born prematurely, dying a few days later. Ronald Britton, in his paper Mary Shelleys Frankenstein: what made the monster monstrous? relays a journal entry by Mary in 1815 concerning her deceased daughter: Dream that my little baby came to life againI thought that if I could bestow animation upon lifeless matter, I might, in the process of time, renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption (Britton 4). We can look at the novel as a picture of Marys experiences with birth, both with her own and with the birth of her child. This reading of the novel as dealing with birth is influenced by Marys pregnancies before and during the novels creation. Badalamenti later on in his piece says this is given weight by the length of time that Victor takes in creating the Creature (9 months). He also says that this does suggest that she was equating Victor with PercyThere is more support for the fusion idea in Victor dying at the same age Percy was when Mary finished the novel (428). Mary may have made reference to herself in the form of Safie, the beloved of Felix DeLacey. Safie is the daughter of the character in the book known only as the Turk. In a tale told by the Creature we find out that the DeLaceys end up in the cottage we find them in because of Felix, who was only trying to do the right thing by rescuing the Turk from the unjust prison sentence he received while all were in Paris. The Turk, whos only crimes seems to be that he was a foreigner with wealth and a follower of a non-Christian religion. In other words, he was distrusted by the French government because he was the other. Felixs reward was exile to the cottage in Germany. When the Turk found out that the DeLacey family were now poor cottage dwellers, he became a traitor to good feeling and honour (Shelley 101) and broke his promise to Felix and Safie of a union. Safie is betrayed by her father, who denied her love, while being motherless, much like Mary, who was also motherless and very much felt betrayal by the father as well, especially when he became estranged after the engagement to Percy. This point is made even more visible when we view the story as coming from the Creature, who could also represent Mary in the novel. This After Percy died in 1822, Mary released the novel two more times. The original (1818) we know was published anonymously. Im sure that this did not sit well with Mary and I think that was part of the reason she re-released it with her name as the author. The softening the image of Victor in these later editions gives credence to the belief that Victor was a stand-in for Percy, whether consciously or subconsciously. People often soften their anger issues towards a person when that person dies. In a male dominated profession, it was not conceivable that a tale such as Frankenstein would be written by a woman. This idea that a woman was not capable of such writing (and the reason Frankenstein was published anonymously the first time) was typical of the patriarchal system. Her publishers wanted Percys commentary on her work included so there was an implication that he perhaps wrote it. This system made Mary (and other women) feel like outsiders, being made the lesser in a relationship that clearly benefited the masculine (publishers, Percy) over the feminine (Mary, other women). Waiting till after Percy died to publish her authorship and to make changes (twice) shows that she was trying to reclaim her work. She was tired of it and did something about it. In short, she wanted to be heard. Another term for outsiders would be the other. The other is a way of defining ones self. The concept of the self cannot exist without making someone the other. By introducing the concept of the other to describe people groups outside of the normal as a way to control them, thereby making the self superior. Edward Said in his book Orientalism says that the West uses the concept of the other as a way to control the Orient, to justify its actions in the act of colonialism, and that in pointing out their otherness, thos empires of the west have a mission to enlighten, civilize, bring order and democracy (Said xxi). In his book Culture and Imperialism Said talks about how structures and locations appear in literature. In British culture and literature, one might be concerned over the way that places of power are set in the cities of England, and that they are connected to other places by making them subordinate (Said 52). Literature helped to maintain the empire by insisting that it was better in the empire. Western writers contribute to the building of authority of the West by depicting the devaluing and exploitation of the colonized lands as necessary. Saids favorite example of this is Jane Austens Mansfield Park, which shows a slave plantation owned by the character Thomas Bertram as mysteriously necessary to the poise and beauty of Mansfield Park (Said 58). Mary Wollstonecraft in her review of Olaudah Equianos Interesting Narrative says that the philosophy used to justify the treatment of the slave nations used the differences in their appearance to make them the other, degrad(ing) the numerous nationsbelow the common level of humanity, andconclude that naturedesigned to stamp them with the mark of slavery (Bugg 655). This, Bugg says, sets up Wollstonecrafts use of slavery as an analogy for gender oppression (Bugg 656) in her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Mary Shelley also tackles the case off the other in Frankenstein. The younger Mary uses the physical difference of the Creature to point out the imbalance of power between the other (Creature) and the DeLacys (European society). The first that we read of the Creature is in a letter composed by Robert Walton to his sister. He is described as a savage inhabitant of some undiscovered island (Shelley 13). It is only when the Creature starts his education (based in colonial literature) that he learns how his differences will will determine his existence (Bugg 659). His education becomes the means by which regular society (the DeLaceys) makes him feel like the other. Mary Shelley didnt have it easy. Abandoned by her mother in death and by her father when he remarried, she felt cast aside by him and looked at as a rival by her stepmom. In a society that made her feel like the other because of her sex, she looked for love and an outlet for her anger and grief. Her relationship to Percy didnt solve these issues. Her experience in getting her novel to market made her feel like the other as well. Published anonymously because no one would believe a woman could write such a novel, it probably wouldnt have been as well read either. These experiences combined with a desire to be heard galvanized literary magic into Frankenstein, making it a leading example of postcolonial literature. Mary found a voice, and in reclaiming her novel satisfied her need to be heard. Thank you.

Vinson Syn A Christian Scholar And Dean Emeritus - 1012 Words

Vinson Synan is a Christian scholar and Dean Emeritus at Regent University in Virginia Beach. In this work, he describes the most remarkable historical events that shaped the Pentecostalism in America and worldwide. Synan points out specific characteristics that clarifies the origins of the Pentecostal church in America. His main purpose is to present a historical analysis of the Pentecostalism and its roots. According to him, the reader needs to be aware of the Pentecostal traditions developed during the twentieth century in order to understand Pentecostalism as a major Christian tradition. The problem is that traditional Christians do not consider Pentecostalism as significant as should be. Synan’s thesis is that the Pentecostalism†¦show more content†¦Synan explains the link between the Fire-Baptized Holiness Church and the modern Pentecostal movement (59). In the next section, the author defines the Churches of God and their main developments and the doctrine of S anctification (69). Synan also points out the revival meeting occurred in Los Angeles at the beginning of the twentieth century. According to him the Azusa Street Revival in 1906 was fundamental for the expansion of Pentecostalism in America and Europe. In chapters six and seven, Synan explains the expansion and the influence of the Pentecostal churches in the south of the United States and in the world. According to him, during that time period, the principles of the Azusa Street Revival was still very strong in the United States, which also influenced the growth of the missionary work. The issue of speak in tongues was a major concern in this period (111). In the next chapter, Synan elucidates the main controversies that produced new Pentecostal denominations (166). In chapter nine, the author analyses the historical developments in America and its relation to African-America Pentecostals. He also points out the influence of Parham and Seymour as main founders of modern Pentecosta lism (170). Synan describes in details the relationship between the Pentecostals and the American society in chapter ten (208). In the following chapter, the author explains the origins of the Neo-Pentecostal Movement and its major

Second hand smoking free essay sample

TobaccoI stumbled out of the building, coughing and wheezing, smoke filling my eyes and lungs. I tugged frantically at my tie to loosen my collar, my head pounding as I ran out the door. fresh†¦. air†¦. gotta†¦. have†¦. fresh†¦.. air†¦ Was it a fire? Terrorist attack? No, I was simply eating my dinner when a gentleman at the table next to us decided to light up a cigarette. The smoke went right in my face and lungs. All of a sudden I couldnt breathe, my chest hurt and I panicked. Ladies and gentlemen, by the end of this year more people will die from second hand smoke related deaths than the average crowd at a Major League Baseball game. Secondhand, or passive smoke, is an insidious killer that is harming adults, and more critically, children around the country every day. My goal in speaking to you today is to enlist your support in a federal ban of all smoking from all public places without hesitation. We will write a custom essay sample on Second hand smoking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But isnt this America? Should you have the right to smoke? If I want to pollute my lungs and ruin my health why should that be any concern of yours? The facts are that secondhand smoke is responsible for many of the same diseases as if you were sucking on the cigarette yourself. These diseases include cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases. For example, the International Agency on Research on Cancer found that â€Å"involuntary smoking is carcinogenic to humans. Various studies in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom point to a significant increase in risk of lung cancer among those exposed to passive smoke. (adsbygoogle = window. adsbygoogle || []). push({}); The California Environmental Protection Agency found that passive smoking increases the risk of breast cancer in young women by 70%. In a separate paper, the US Surgeon General found that there was evidence that suggested that there was a causal relationship between smoking and breast cancer. Secondhand smoke is even associated with the loss of hearing in non-smoking adults. What? What did you say Studies have shown that both active and passive cigarette smoking increases the risk of their atherosclerosis. Also, exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in adults 50 and over. Children Putting children at risk is unforgivable at best and probably criminal. In a 2006 report, the US Surgeon General found that the evidence is sufficient to infer a relationship between secondhand smoke and sudden infant death syndrome. Brain tumorsthe risk to develop brain tumors is higher among children exposed to passive smoking, even if the mother does not smoke. The California Environmental Protection Agency found that the risk of childhood cancer (and adult lung cancer) increases after childhood exposure to passive smoking. Sadly we could go on, and on, and on. And on! Secondhand smoke in the home is one problem. But to go to a public restaurant, or concert, or any event and to experience secondhand smoke is not only rude, its impacting the health of our population, increasing healthcare costs and should be banned by federal mandate in the next session. While you have the option to smoke, I dont have the option of not breathing. Nor do our children. End of Persuasive Speech Example Were you persuaded? In this persuasive speech example you get some facts and statistics which are usually found in informative speeches yet if spoken in a slightly exaggerated way with hand gestures, these statistics can be quite persuasive. (adsbygoogle = window. adsbygoogle || []). push({}); (adsbygoogle = window. adsbygoogle || []). push({}); See more at: http://www. best-speech-topics. com/persuasive-speech-example. html#sthash. OjpmILn4. dpuf

Nature versus Nurture an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Nature versus Nurture by Expert Prof. Fiona | 15 Dec 2016 Nature versus Nurture: Which is More Influential to Our Life Traits? It is a fact of life that we are products of heredity and environment. But in the debate of which has more influence in our life traits, I would say it would be the environment, or the nurture aspect of our development. Need essay sample on "Nature versus Nurture" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In the study of development, nature refers to inherited (genetic) influences on growth and functioning. Some inherited characteristics appear in virtually everyone. For instance, almost all children have natural talents for upright locomotion (walking, running, etc.), language, imitation, and the use of simple tools. Other inherited characteristics differ from one inpidual to another: these include stature, physical appearance, and athletic ability. In some studies, psychological traits as temperament (e.g., the tendency to be shy instead of outgoing), aggression, and intelligence may also be partly influenced by genetics (Petrill & Wilkerson, 2000). Students Often Tell EssayLab writers:Who wants to write essay for me?Essay writer professionals suggest: Essaylab.Com Offers A Top-Quality Academic EssayEssay Writing Help Service I Need Someone To Write My Essay For Me Top Essay Writing Online Essay Writing Jobs For Students On the other hand, natures partner is nurture, the influence of factors in human environments. Nurture includes the effects of family, peers, schools, neighborhoods, culture, the media, the broader society, and the physical environment. Nurture affects children's development through multiple channelsphysically through nutrition and activity; intellectually through informal experiences and formal instruction; socially through adult role models and peer relationships. Historically, Francis Galton was the first to introduce the phrase nature versus nurture, and although he clearly favored the former as an explanation of human behavior, he had little direct evidence to support his bias. Nevertheless, Galtons contributions, admittedly with substantial subsequent modification, are those still used today for studying heredity, and hence the role of genes, in human populations. He was also among the first to recognize that the offspring of parents representing one extreme or the other of a given trait within a population tend to be more like the average for the population than do their parents. This reversion to the mean led Galton to doubt for awhile the possibilities of selective breeding as a means of altering human phenotypes. Galton was also the first to recognize the unique possibilities offered by the study of twins in matters relating to human genetics, although he never really pursued this possibility. By the end of his studies Galton was convinced that most human traits are indeed heritable. Although contemporary scientists would be unlikely to find his results compelling in terms of the data he had at hand, his various publications on the subject stimulated others to take up where he had left off (Cary 2004, p. 227). No doubt that nature and nurture are inextricably intertwined in their effects on human development. While theorists continue to debate the relative influences of nature and nurture, people usually manage to combine these forces skillfully and naturally. For example, imagine an adolescent girl who is growing rapidly, thanks to genetic instructions activated by puberty (nature); she is also fueled by tasty meals prepared by her parents and extended family (nurture). She is less inclined to be athletic compared to many of her peers (nature) but still joins the girls basketball team because she is encouraged to do so by her best friend (nurture). In my case, growing up in an American society, which is quite liberal, I assume the traits of the environment where I had been brought up. I had learned to become independent and my mindset had been shaped by the American ideologies and norms. But, what if I was born in India? Maybe, my life traits and mindset would entirely be different, since the culture in that country is different from America. My hereditary traits are already given, since my human capabilities will be the result of the genes passed on from my parents. However, the life traits that I developed have been entirely the result of the environment that I had been accustomed in. Indeed, nurture is more likely to develop our life traits and personalities because majority of it is influenced by our environment. Peoples personalities can be described in a variety of ways. Some people seem to be perfectionists; they can be critical, impatient, demanding, and intense. Other kinds of people are more relaxed and easygoing. You may have friends who always seem to have something to smile about and are fun to be around. Or perhaps you have friends who are shy and quiet; they are hard to get to know and may sometimes seem dull. In each of these examples, we are describing what people are generally like without referring to their specific feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in any given situation. In formulating a general description of someone, we try to pinpoint something that is relatively enduring about the person, something that seems to explain the regularities or patterns we observe in the way the person thinks, feels, and behaves. This is because personality is the pattern of relatively enduring ways that a person feels, thinks, and behaves. Personality is an important factor in accounting for why people act the way they do in societies and why they have favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward other people. In the life of each person, biological and social-environmental-cultural influences interact in the development of the personality system. If inpiduals are genetically and temperamentally disposed toward greater aggressiveness, for example, they soon become more likely to interpret the motives of other people as aggressive and to anticipate aggression from others (Dodge, 1986). They also may confirm these expectations and beliefs by behaving more aggressively, thereby evoking more aggressive reactions. Likewise, as aggressiveness becomes an established pattern, it also may be incorporated into the values and self-standards and goals of the inpidual. Each time the aggressive pattern is activated, it becomes more easily accessible in the system as a dominant response tendency, triggered even by minor frustrations and stress. Increasingly the person also may seek out peers and groups likely to further support this type of behavior and to strengthen it as a source both for self-esteem and peer approval. A common example is when aggressively inclined adolescents are drawn to like-minded peers in aggressive groups and gangs that then collectively and mutually further support their aggressive tendencies. In sum, as the example suggests, the early behavioral tendencies in the person interact with the psychological environment over the course of time as personality develops and becomes expressed in relatively stable ways (Contrada, Leventhal, Leary, 1990). The above example shows how a dispositional tendency like aggression may be reinforced early in life by the social environment and then becomes well established. But our inpidual tendencies are not necessarily determinants of your fate in life. For example, the studies about socialization experiences can help infants who are temperamentally shy to develop into people who are not shy: because social experiences can modify temperament, biology does not have to be destiny (Schmidt & Fox, 2002). Moreover, I do not entirely deem that it is nurture that is solely responsible because personality is partially determined by nature, or biological heritage. The genes that a person inherited from their parents influence how their personality has unfolded. Although specific genes for personality have not yet been identified, psychologists have studied identical twins in an attempt to discover the extent to which personality is inherited. Because identical twins possess identical genes, they have the same genetic determinants of personality. Identical twins who grow up together in the same family have the same permissive or strict parents and similar life experiences. If the twins have similar personalities, it is impossible to identify the source of the similarity because they have not only the same genetic makeup but also similar life experiences. In contrast, identical twins who are separated at birth and raised in different settings (perhaps because they are adopted by different families) share the same genetic material but often have very different life experiences. This means that even though they have quite similar genetic makeup, their life traits will not be similar because of the different environments they were exposed in. If I were to become a twin, I would prefer to become a fraternal twin because my identity will be more defined compared to being identical. As a child, it could be quite disconcerting to be confused of somebody that you are not most of the time. This is because even though identical twins are similar in appearance and the environment they grew up in, there are still slightly different characteristic traits. By separating identical twins at birth and placing them in totally different environments, researchers have assessed the impact of environment unambiguously. There are a fair number of cases in which identical twins are put up for adoption at birth and are raised in substantially different environments. Such instances allow us to draw fairly confident conclusions about the relative contributions of genetics and environment. Unfortunately, the data from identical twins raised in different environments are not always without bias. Adoption agencies typically take the characteristics (and wishes) of birth mothers into account when they place babies in adoptive homes. For instance, children tend to be placed with families of the same race and religion. Consequently, even when monozygotic twins are placed in different adoptive homes, there are often similarities in the two home environments. The consequence is that researchers can't always unambiguously attribute differences in behavior to genetics or environment. As personality develops over time, people refer to their experiences as children when they become adults. Factors such as the strictness or permissiveness of a child's parents, the number of other children in the family, the extent to which parents and teachers demand a lot from a child, success or lack of success at making friends or getting and keeping a job, and even the culture in which a person is raised and lives as an adult are shapers of personality. Because about half of the variation in people's personalities is inherited from their parents and, thus, is basically fixed at birth, it comes as no surprise that personality is quite stable over periods of time ranging. However, this does not mean that personality cannot change; it means that personality is likely to change only over many years. Thus, the impact of any specific situation or crisis on a persons personality is likely to be felt only if the situation continues for many years. An important outcome of this fact is that we should not expect to change any persons personalities as the way they are. As studies, as of the present time, could not answer the question which is more influential between nature and nurture, we should satisfy ourselves with the explanation that both have pivotal roles in developing our life traits as a whole person. Thus, it is safer to deem that virtually all traits, characteristics, and behaviors are the joint result of the combination and interaction of nature and nurture. Like love and marriage and horses and carriages, genetic and environmental factors work in tandem, creating the unique inpidual that each of us is and will become. References Cary, W.R. (2004). Are We Hardwired? : The Role of Genes in Human Behavior. NC: Oxford University Press, Incorporated. Contrada, R. J., Leventhal, H., Personality and health. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.). Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (pp. 638-669). New York: Guilford. Dodge, K. A. (1986). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology: Vol. 18. Cognitive Perspectives on Children's Social and Behavioral Development (pp. 77-125). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Petrill, S.A. Intelligence and achievement: A behavioral genetic perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 12, 185199. Schmidt, L.A. & Fox, N.A. (2002). Inpidual Differences in childhood shyness: Origins, malleability, and developmental course. In D. Cervone & W. Mischel (Eds.), Advances in Personality Science. New York: The Guilford Press. (pp. 83-105).

A Biography of Civil War General Stonewall Jackson

A Biography of Civil War General Stonewall Jackson Stonewall Jackson - Early Life: Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born to Jonathan and Julia Jackson on January 21, 1824 at Clarksburg, VA (now WV). Jacksons father, an attorney, died when he was two leaving Julia with three small children. During his formative years, Jackson lived with a variety of relatives but spent the majority of time at his uncles mill in Jacksons Mills. While at the mill, Jackson developed a strong work ethic and sought out education when possible. Largely self-taught, he became an avid reader. In 1842, Jackson was accepted to West Point, but due to his lack of schooling struggled with the entrance exams. Stonewall Jackson - West Point Mexico: Due to his academic difficulties, Jackson began his academic career at the bottom of his class. While at the academy, he quickly proved himself a tireless worker as he endeavored to catch up to his peers. Graduating in 1846, he was able to achieve class rank of 17 out 59. Commissioned a second lieutenant in the 1st US Artillery, he was sent south to take part in the Mexican-American War. Part of Major General Winfield Scotts army, Jackson took part in the siege of Veracruz and the campaign against Mexico City. In the course of the fighting, he earned two brevet promotions and a permanent one to first lieutenant. Stonewall Jackson - Teaching at VMI: Taking part in the assault on Chapultepec Castle, Jackson again distinguished himself and was brevetted to major. Returning the United States after the war, Jackson accepted a teaching position at the Virginia Military Institute in 1851. Filling the role of Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Instructor of Artillery, he developed a curriculum that emphasized mobility and discipline. Highly religious and somewhat eccentric in his habits, Jackson was disliked and mocked by many of the students. This was worsened by his approach in the classroom where he repeatedly recited memorized lectures and offered little help to his students. While teaching at VMI, Jackson married twice, first to Elinor Junkin who died in childbirth, and later to Mary Anna Morrison in 1857. Two years later, following John Browns failed raid on Harpers Ferry, Governor Henry Wise asked VMI to provide a security detail for the abolitionist leaders execution. As the artillery instructor, Jackson and 21 of his cadets accompanied the detail with two howitzers. Stonewall Jackson - The Civil War Begins: With the election of President Abraham Lincoln and the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Jackson offered his services to Virginia and was made a colonel. Assigned to Harpers Ferry, he began organizing and drilling troops, as well as operating against the BO railroad. Assembling a brigade of troops recruited in and around the Shenandoah Valley, Jackson was promoted to brigadier general that June. Part of General Joseph Johnstons command in the Valley, Jacksons brigade was rushed east in July to aid in the First Battle of Bull Run. Stonewall Jackson - Stonewall: As the battle raged on July 21, Jacksons command was brought forward to support the crumbling Confederate line on Henry House Hill. Demonstrating the discipline that Jackson had instilled, the Virginians held the line, leading Brigadier General Barnard Bee to exclaim, There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Some controversy exists regarding this statement as some later reports claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson for not coming to his brigades aid faster and that stone wall was meant in a pejorative sense. Regardless, the name stuck to both Jackson and his brigade for the remainder of the war. Stonewall Jackson - In the Valley: Having held the hill, Jacksons men played a role in the subsequent Confederate counterattack and victory. Promoted to major general on October 7, Jackson was given command of the Valley District with headquarters at Winchester. In January 1862, he conducted an abortive campaign near Romney with the goal of re-capturing much of West Virginia. That March, as Major General George McClellan began transferring Union forces south to the Peninsula, Jackson was tasked with defeating Major General Nathaniel Banks forces in the Valley as well as preventing Major General Irvin McDowell from approaching Richmond. Jackson opened his campaign with a tactical defeat at Kernstown on March 23, but rebounded to win at McDowell, Front Royal, and First Winchester, ultimately expelling Banks from the Valley. Concerned about Jackson, Lincoln order McDowell to assist and dispatched men under Major General John C. Frà ©mont. Though outnumbered, Jackson continued his string of success defeating Frà ©mont at Cross Keys on June 8 and Brigadier General James Shields a day later at Port Republic. Having triumphed in the Valley, Jackson and his men were recalled to the Peninsula to join General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia. Stonewall Jackson - Lee Jackson: Though the two commanders would form a dynamic command partnership, their first action together was not promising. As Lee opened the Seven Days Battles against McClellan on June 25, Jacksons performance dipped. Throughout the fighting his men were repeatedly late and his decision making poor. Having eliminated the threat posed by McClellan, Lee ordered Jackson to take the Left Wing of the army north to deal with Major General John Popes Army of Virginia. Moving north, he won a fight at Cedar Mountain on August 9 and later succeeded in capturing Popes supply base at Manassas Junction. Moving onto the old Bull Run battlefield, Jackson assumed a defensive position to await Lee and the Right Wing of the army under Major General James Longstreet. Attacked by Pope on August 28, his men held until they arrived. The Second Battle of Manassas concluded with a massive flank attack by Longstreet which drove Union troops from the field. Following the victory, Lee decided to attempt an invasion of Maryland. Dispatched to capture Harpers Ferry, Jackson took the town before joining the rest of the army for the Battle of Antietam on September 17. Largely a defensive action, his men bore the brunt of the fighting at the northern end of the field. Withdrawing from Maryland, Confederate forces regrouped in Virginia. On October 10, Jackson was promoted to lieutenant general and his command officially designated the Second Corps. When Union troops, now led by Major General Ambrose Burnside, moved south that fall, Jacksons men joined Lee at Fredericksburg. During the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, his corps succeeded in holding off strong Union assaults south of the town. With the end of the fighting, both armies remained in place around Fredericksburg for the winter. When campaigning resumed in the spring, the Union forces guided by Major General Joseph Hooker attempted to move around Lees left to attack his rear. This movement presented problems for Lee as he had sent Longstreets corps away to find supplies and was badly outnumbered. Fighting at the Battle of Chancellorsville began on May 1 in a thick pine forest known as the Wilderness with Lees men under heavy pressure. Meeting with Jackson, the two men devised a daring plan for May 2 which called for the latter to take his corps on a wide flanking march to strike at the Union right. This daring plan succeeded and Jacksons attack began rolling up the Union line late on May 2. Reconnoitering that night, his party was confused for Union cavalry and was hit by friendly fire. Struck three times, twice in the left arm and once in the right hand, he was taken from the field. His left arm was quickly amputated, but his health began to deteriorate as he developed pneumonia. After lingering for eight days, he died on May 10. In learning of Jacksons wounding, Lee commented, Give General Jackson my affectionate regards, and say to him: he has lost his left arm but I my right. Selected Sources Virginia Military Institute: Thomas Stonewall JacksonCivil War: Stonewall JacksonStonewall Jackson House

Drugs In The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drugs In The World - Essay Example To this end, opium planting first began in eastern Mediterranean and spread systematically to India via trade routes and eventually arriving at China by the eighth century A.D (Chouvy, 2010). On the other hand, cocaine, which is a derivative drug of the cocoa plants traces it genealogy back to the Andes region where it was cultivated by the Incas populace. Evidently, cocaine was first derived from coca in 1860 and it powerful stimulant effects became evident. To this end, the drug creates an instantaneous sense of euphoria by igniting the brain’s regulatory transmitters (Marcy, 2010). Presently, both opium and cocaine have become a global drug menace that was catalyzed through colonization and wars. During the British occupation of India in 1750, they specifically took control of Bihar and Bengal which were key opium growing districts. To this end, the British shipping company took control over the opium trade from Calcutta to China. Evidently, by 1767, the opium exports to Ch ina by the British reached a record two thousand chests per year. In addition, the British India Company created a monopoly over the opium trade and restricted the Indian poppy growers from selling the commodity to competing trading companies. In Turkey, the British Levant Company bought more than half of the opium originating from Smyrna Turkey. Furthermore, they diverted all importations strictly to the United States and Europe. During the First and Second Opium War which was precipitated by efforts to suppress opium trade by the Chinese commissioner, the British sent warships to China’s coast. To this end, the Chinese lost the war to Britain and eventually opium importation was legalized. This further proliferated the supply of opium. On the other hand, cocaine spread and proliferation began during the Spanish colonial era when it was slowly becoming entrenched as a global commodity. Furthermore, the success of Europe’s commercial revolution was also hinged on cocai ne since it assisted in lubricating the major silver mining industry of colonial Spain. Evidently, the colonial Spanish slave masters came to discover that the coca stimulant made the laborers to work harder, eat less and work for longer hours. To this end, the cocoa leaves were used as a major stimulant towards coercing the Indian worker at the Potosi mines. When cocaine alkaloid derivative was discovered, the Spanish colonial masters began an intensive cultivation of coca for cocaine cultivation. The leaves were thus traded and also transplanting of the Andean coca specimens in Asia, Australia and Africa. During World War 1 and 2 eras, importation of coca leaves and manufacturing of cocaine increased significantly. Evidently, between 1918 and 1921, Japan recorded an all time import of coca of 455,000 kg. Evidently, the trade of cocaine has been largely fuelled by notorious violence in countries such as Peru and Colombia since the late 1970’s. In the United States during Wor ld War 2, coca trades that were used in the manufacture of cocaine increased to the range of 300-400,000 lb. These were largely imports from Peru. The U. S cocaine networks during the World War 2 period exhibited features such as monopolies of cocaine processing that were assisted by the state, while leading intensive global campaigns that were against the illegal production of coca and

Writing comments Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Writing comments - Coursework Example It is important that the values of communicating with people of other nations that people working internationally together in the business world recognize the privacy, cultural sensitivity, teamwork, legality and privacy (Voss and Flammia, 73) and American interpretations of those are respectful of other countries in order work together in a global economy. As Americans, it must be acknowledged that there are these differences and that being ethnocentric and believing that doing business such as it is done in the United States is not the only way that it is always done. There is no doubt that business is not conducted in just one country anymore as not everything wears the ‘Made in America’ stamp. One major aspect in global business that can be a huge hurdle that is only the beginning is the fact that not everyone speaks English. In a study acknowledged by Barry L. Thatcher, he pointed out that in a study of over 200 countries, over 50 languages were spoken (178). However, working together globally, this is an important concept to understand. Not everyone in other places work the same way that those businesspeople in America do. Business theory is not universal but instead cross-cultural and when conducting it, it is important to take note of these differences and instead to adapt to how all can work together to achieve a smoothly functioning working global